Art of sealing quartz to metal



Dec. 31, 1963 o. HEIL 1 7 ART OF SEALING QUARTZ T METAL Filed Feb.- 18, 1959 Sheets-Sheet 1 I! la 22 INVENTOR.

OSKAR HEIL BY F L g. 3' 1 F W M x a ATTORNEYS Dec. 31, 1963 o. HEIL 7 ART OF SEALING QUARTZ TO METAL Filed Feb. 18, 1959 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 leg- INVENTOR.

OSKAR HEIL BY M F W mp$r8m ATTORNEYS Dec. 31, 1963 o. HElL ART OF SEALING QUARTZ TO METAL 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Feb. 18, 1959 Z J M. O 3 m fi 6 0 5 2 m 2 9 a f w 222% M 2 4 m M w m I I 5 9 7 9 3 I 0 6 6 .I 2 5 2 m 2 U .ELL. 7

INVENTGR.

OSKAR HEIL BY $1.49 b.

ATTORNEYS United States Patent ()fitice Patented Dec. El, 19%? 3,115,)57 ART 9F SEALHNG @U Til) METAL @sltsr Hell, San Mateo, tlaiit, assignor to EitelvicCullough, line, San Bruno, Callfi, a corporation of California Filed Feb. ltd, 1959, Ser. No. 793303 15 lainrs. (5i. 189-665) This invention relates to a seal structure and method by which quartz can be joined to a metal member by a bond which is both vacuum-tight and physically strong. As used herein throughout the description and claims, the term quartz means quartz in the vitreous, or noncrystalline state, often referred to as pure silica glass or fused quartz.

Quartz is a very low loss dielectric with low dierectric constant and is therefore a very desirable substance for windows in high frequency electronic tubes such as klystrons and linear accelerators. Quartz also has very high transparency for infrared and ultra-violet radiation, which makes it an excellent window for photo cells, lamps, and similar devices in this frequency range. Some other outstanding properties of quartz are its extremely low thermal expansion coellicient, which results in great thermal shock stability; its ability to withstand electron bombardment and exposure to X-rays and other atomic radiation Without receiving any appreciable radiation damage; and its ability to withstand exposure to very high electric field strengths before breakdown occurs.

in the past, only limited use has been made of quartz for the purposes described, even though its desirable characteristics have been well known. The reason is that heretofore there has been no practical means for making a strong vacuum-tight seal between quartz and the metal parts of electronic tubes and other devices in which it is useful.

In recent years great strides have been taken in the art of making seals between ceramic and metal, and ceramic is now used extensively as a replacement for glass in electronic tubes. The problem of making a quartz-tometal seal is much more severe than the problem of making a ceramic-to-metal seal. The first dilllculty results from the fact that quartz cannot withstand the high temperatures to which ceramic is subjected for substantial time during metalizing. As a matter of fact, quartz cannot be subjected to much over 1(309" C. for any appreciable lcngth of time although it can withstand higher temperatures for very short periods. The effect of heating quartz over ltlCt) C. for appreciable time is that recrystallization of the quartz takes place, resulting in internal stresses which cause the quartz to crack. Accordingly, quartz cannot be rnetalized by the same techniques which are used in metalizing ceramic. in the case of ceramic the mctalizing is accomplished by painting or otherwise coating the ceramic with a mixture of powdered metal particles suspended in a suitable lacquer, and then sintering the coating at temperatures of around i499 C. for periods or" around thirty minutes. It will be appreciated that this metalizing method fails with quartz because of the high temperatures and time periods required.

According to this invention the problems related to the temperature limitations of quartz have been solved by the discovery that it a metallic substance is applied to the quartz in sufficiently small particle size and with a sufficiently high degree of compactness that the metalizing material can be sintered to the quartz at substantially lower temperatures than are required in connection with the particle sizes and compactness associated with the metalizing methods used in connection with ceramic. Thus, one feature of the invention is that the substance with which the quartz is metalized is applied in extremely small particles such as in the form of atoms or molecules. When the metaiizing substance is applied in this manner it is possible to sinter it to the uartz under heat and time conditions which do not cause the quartz to recrystallize.

Another reason why quartz is more diificult to metalize than ceramic is that the thermal coefiicient of expansion of quartz is much less than that of ceramic. Ceramic of the type normally used in electronic tubes has a coeflicient of expansion of about 60 10*-", while that of quartz is only 6 l0' In fact, the expansion coetlicient of quartz is so low that it cannot be matched by any metal or for that matter by any other substance. Thus, even after solving the problem of low temperature sintering the problem of expansion coefficient remains. As a result of the extremely low coefficient of expansion of quartz, any metalizing material which will form a strong bond to the quartz will tend to crack the quartz as it expands and contracts relative to the quartz under thermal shock. Closely related to the problem presented by the low coefiicient of expansion of quartz is the ductility of the metal used for metalizing. Metalizing made of a nonductile metal will exert more destructive force on the quartz under thermal shock than a ductile metal even through the coellicient of expansion of the non-ductile metal may be closer to that of quartz.

All of the metals which have been found by the application of this invention to achieve a stron vacuum-tight bond with quartz are metals which are non-ductile, that is, have high annealing temperatures. Accordingly, when such metals are bonded to quartz in any appreciable thickness the discrepancies in the coetlicients of expansion will cause the metal to tear away from the quartz under the influence of the temperature changes which are associated with the metalizing procedure and in many cases the temperature changes which are associated with operation of the device in which quartz is used. However, it has been found according to the invention that it the metalizing material is applied in an extremely thin layer it is too weak to overpower the quartz, that is, the metal is in erl'ect given an artificial ductility. By depositing the metalizing substance in the form of atoms or molecules it is possible to make the metalizing so thin that it will not be strong enough to crack the quartz and yet be of a uniform thickness such that the entire area to be metalized receives a coating to which a metal member can be joined.

After the quartz has been metalized with an extremely thin metal layer, it is necessary to have some means for joining the metalizing layer to a metal member of the device in which the quartz is to be used. it has been found according to the invention that the metalizing layer can be bonded to a relatively thick metal member without causing the quartz to crack if the relatively thick metal 11 ther is one which is extremely ductile, that is, one which has an annealing temperature substantially lower than the annealing temperature of the rnetalizing material.

Further, it has been found according to the invention that the bond between the metal member and the metalizing layer must not involve any substantial alloying of the metalizing layer. There are two reasons why there must not be any substantial alloying of the metalizing layer. One reason arises from the fact that the metalizing layer must be so thin; for example, a thickness of only 2000 angstroms has been found to give excellent results. Thus, no appreciable amount of the metalizing layer can be used in alloying without eating the metalizing away from the quartz and thus destroying the bond between the metalizing layer and the quartz. The other reason why there must be no substantial alloying of the metalizing layer is that in the case of some metals which are sulficicntly ductile to be used as the metal member, an alloy which will bond the m tal member to the mctaiizing layer is substantially less ductile an the pure metal of t. e metal member. Thus, a non-ductile interface is formed which is in effect the same as increasing the thickness of the non-ductile metalizing layer and results in cracking of the quartz.

According to the invention two solutions have been found to the problem of detrimental alloying of the metalizing layer. One solution is to male the metal menber of a metal which will not alloy with the meta licing layer. lieretofore it has been thought that there was no way to form a satisfactory bond directly between metals which do not alloy. However, contrary to expectations it has been found according to the invention that a strong, permanent pressure seal can be formed between such metals, for example, between molybdenum and gold. This pressure seal, as distinguished from a pressure seal between metals which alloy, does not form an alloy at the interface. The other solution is to form a braze-type bond between the metal member and the metalizing layer wherein no substantial amount of the metalizing material is used up in the brazing alloy, and the alloy is more ductile than the metalizing material.

The purpose of this invention is to bond quartz to metal with a seal which is vacuum-tight and physically strong.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method by which a layer of metal can be firmly bonded to quartz without heating the quartz to an extent which will cause recrystallization thereof.

A further object of the invention is to accomplish quartz .ctal 1g by the application of extremely thin uniform metal coating.

Anotl er object of the invention is to provide a quartzto-metal seal in which a metal member is attached to a metalizing layer on the quartz by means of a bond which does not involve any appreciable alloying of the metalizing layer.

The invention possesses other objects and features of advantage, some of which, with the foregoing, will be set forth in the following description of the invention. it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed species, as variant embodiments thereof are contemplated and may be adopted Within the scope of the claims.

Referring to the drawings:

FIGURE 1 is a side view, mainly in section, showing a klystron embodying a quartz-to-metal seal in accordance with the invention;

FZGURE 2 is an enlarged sectional view showing the details of one of the quartz-to-metal seals in FlGURE 1;

FIGURE 3 is a cross-sectional view including a schematic wiring diagram showing apparatus for applying and sintering metalizing on quartz;

FKGURE 4 is a cross section along the line 4 FIGURE 3;

5 is a cross-sectional View of another embodiment of apparatus which can be used for sinlering metalizing on quartz;

6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiaent of apparatus which can be used for metalizing quartz;

T l-SURE 7 is an elevational view, partly in section, of apparatus which can be used to obtain a pressure seal in accordance with the invention;

8 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG- URE 2 showing another embodiment of the quartz-tometal seal according to the invention; and

PEGURE 9 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of the quartz mem er shown in FIGURE 7 and is similar to FEGUFE 2 but shows another embodiment of the quartz-to-metal seal according to the invention.

Referring to the drawings in more detail, FlGURE 1 shows a ldystron of the ty; e described in detail in the patent to C. E. Murdock, No. 2,824,289, dated February have made of glass or ceramic. The window in) accoring to the invention is made of quartz. The seal between the quartz windows 2d and metal end walls 1% indicated generally at in FEGURE l.

*lGURE 2 is an enlarged view which represents a preferred embodiment of the quartz-to-metal seal. In FIGUPE 2 an attempt has been made to give a physical conception of the sealing structure obtained in accordance .ith the invention. Clearly defined layers of metalizing 1 terial having visible t; 'clmesses are shown. However,

hould be understood that FIGURE 2 is for the purpose if clarification and that many of the dimensions shown herein are extremely exaggerated. As shown in the referred embodiment of FIGURE 2, there is a layer or" molybdenum 23 bonded to quartz cylinder 28. The bond between the molybdenum and quartz is enhanced by an intermediate deposit of titanium 24. The molybdenum layer is extremely thin, being on the order of 1,500 to 5,000 angstroms, and the deposit of titanium is even more minute, being in the neighborhood of only 30 to 50 angstroms. A layer 25 of gold is bonded to the molybdenum layer 23. The thickness of the gold layer is not critical because of its extreme ductility. As will be discussed further hereinafter, the titanium and gold are not absolutely necessary but are extremely desirable because they facilitate the making of a high yield strong vacuum-tight seal.

Attached to the gold layer 25 is a metal sealing ring 25 made of gold. The metal ring 26 is bonded to gold layer by means or" a pressure seal, as will be described in more detail hereinafter. The thickness of ring as is not critical but is preferably on the order of 6 thousandths of an inch. Sealing ring 26 is brazed or otherwise bonded to a second gold sealing ring 27, which is in turn brazed to the thick metal end wall 19, which is usually copper.

The arrangement thus far described provides a strong, vacuum-tight seal which can be subjected to repeated heat cycling without damage. he arrangement can be stren thencd where desired, particularly in connection with large heavy structures, by the addition of a quartz backing ring 3b, which is also provided with metal layers 23, 2d, 25" of molybdenum, titanium and gold, respectively. The gold layer 25 of backing ring 39 is attached to sealing ring by means of a pressure seal, and the surface of ring 30 which abuts the metal end wall 19 is not metalizcd.

As has been previously explained, one of the features of the invention resides in the manner in which metalizing is applied to the quartz. FIGURES 3 and 4 disclose apparatus for metalizing quartz according to one of the embodiments of the invention. Essentially, the apparatus comprises a vacuum-tight container 31 formed of metal end walls 32 and 33 connected by a cylindrical side wall having a lower metal portion and an upper window portion of transparent material such as glass. Sealing rings 3e are provided at the joints between various walls of the container. A rotatable shaft 37 is carried by the end wall 32 and is provided externally or" the container with means (not shown) for rotating it during the metalizing process. The upper end of the shaft 37 is provided with suitable means for supporting quartz cylinder M). For example, the upper end of shaft 37 can have pivotally attached thereto three arms 33 which are notched to receive the end of cylinder 2.0 and are biased upwardly by spring 39 toward the axis of the shaft.

As previously explained, the invention requires that metalizing be deposited on the quartz in the form of extremely small particles. This is accomplished in the apparatus of FIGURE 3 by vaporizing or subliming the nietalizing material and allowing it to condense on the quartz. To this end six insulating plugs 40 are mounted in end wall 33. The two plugs ill at the left of FIG- URE 3 carry an inverted U-shaped tungsten wire 41. The bend of the wire dli is positioned within the container adjacent the end of cylinder 29 and carries a small bead d2 of titanium. in addition, a short length of molybdenum wire 43 is wrapped around the bend in wire 41. in order to prevent the molybdenum wire 43 from running together and beading on the wire 41 when the molybdenurn is heated high enough to vaporize, it is desirable to place a short coil of tungsten wire (not shown) on the tungsten wire i1 along with the coil of molybdenum 43 so that the turns of othe molybdenum coil alternate with those of the tungsten coil.

A second U-shaped tungsten wire 45 passes through plugs on the right of FIGURE 3 and carries on its bend a coil of gold wire 46. A heater coil 43 is positioned within cylinder 2% with its leads passing through the two plugs 4d at the center of FIGURE 3. Suitable means are provided for passing current through wires 4-1, and 48. For example, the leads for heater coil 43 can be connected to a 1l0-volt A.C. source through an adjustable auto-transformer 50, and wires 5-1 and 45 can be connected to a llO-volt AC. source through an auto-transformer 5'1, a fixed transformer 52 and a switch 53. End plate 32 is connected by means of tubulation to a conventional vacuum system.

Describing the operation of the apparatus shown in FIGURES 3 and 4, the cylinder 20 to be metalized is placed in container 31 as shown in FlGURE 3. In order to obtain metalization only on the end of cylinder 29 the inside and outside of the cylinder are coated with a removable protective substance such as Aquadac. The vacuum system (not shown) is turned on and container Tall is evacuated. Rotation of shaft 37 is started and then current is passed through the heater 4-3, utilizing the adg'ustable transformer St) to bring the temperature of the quartz cylinder 23 up to about 800 to 900 C. it should be remembered that the quartz must not be heated over 1030 C. for any appreciable length of time. Next, the wire ill is heated, and in order to accomplish this it will be noted that switch 53 occupies the position shown in FEGURE Transformer Sit is adjusted so that the titanium bead 4,2 is heated to a high enough temperature to vaporize it. As previously stated, only a very minute deposit of the titanium is necessary, and a thick deposit could not l e tolerated. A deposit of around 30 to 50 angstroms has been found to be satisfactory. Next, the transformer :all is adjusted to increase the current how and raise the temperature of the molybdenum coil so that it vaporizes and condenses on the previously deposited titanium layer.

After the molybdenum layer has been deposited, the transformer is readjusted to allow the quartz cylinder 2b to cool down to about 500 to 600 C. After this has been accompli d, the switch 53 in FIGURE 3 is moved to the right to connect wire 45 to transformer Ell which is readjusted to heat the gold coil 46 to vaporize it. The main purpose in applying the gold layer 25 is to provide a protective coating on the molybdenum layer 23 so that it is not necessary to provide special handling of the nietalized quartz during further processing to prevent oxidation of the molybdenum layer.

Although the combination or" metals thus far escribed is preferred, other metals of similar critical cl ractefistics can be substituted. For example, the titanium primer layer can be replaced by chromium, zirconium, columbium, tantalum, or molybdenum disiticide. Similarly, the

molybdenum can be replaced by tantalum, zirconium, columbiurn or titanium. It should be understood that when the molybdenum is replaced by the listed substitutes, there is little or no need for a separate primer layer. As a matter of fact, molybdenum as Well as all of the listed substitutes can be deposited directly on the quartz without a primer layer. However, a higher yield of perfect seals is found to result from the use of a primer layer when molybdenum is used as the main layer. in addition, silver can be substituted for gold as the protective layer or coating 25. However, if silver is used, the sealing ring 26 must be silver or copper instead of gold because silver and gold form a non-ductile alloy.

FZGURE 5 shows another embodiment of apparatus for sintering the metalizing layer on the quartz member 29. This apparatus comprises a metal container 58 having a permanently attached end ring 5'59 and a removable end plate 6% separated therefrom by a sealing gasket 61. Plate 63- oarries a cylinder 62 of very thin reflective metal such as nickel, reinforced at top and bottom by thicker metal sleeves 63 and A removable closure 66 fits in the top of container 53 and carries three lengths of wire 67 which support the previously nietalized quartz cylinder Suitable tribulation 69 and 7t; is provided in container and closure as, respectively, and a communication port 7 1 is provided in cylinder 62. Cylinder 62 serves as the heater for the apparatus, and current is conducted to the cylinder by leads 7d and 75.

In order to utilize the apparatus of FIGURE 5, a layer of molybdenum or one of the listed substitute metals is first deposited by means of apparatus similar to that shown in FlGURE 3, except that it can be simplified by elimination of wires 45, 4d, .3 and the associated insulators and circuitry. It will be understood that according to this embodiment the quartz is not heated by the coil 48 during deposition of the metalizing, and the metalizing is not coated with gold. After the metalizing has been deposited by the described modified apparatus of FIGURE 3, the quartz member is placed in the apparatus of FlGURE 5 and heated to a temperature of about 1300 C. for about 3 minutes to sintcr the metalizing. it should be noted that this is about the maximum time and temperature combination which the quartz can withstand. It is necessary to provide a protective atmosphere in container throughout the heating operation, and this is accomplished by evacuating the container or by circulating a gas such as hydrogen by means of tubulation and 7t Still another embodiment of metalizing apparatus is shown in FIGURE 6 which comprises a container having metal end walls 7%; and "i9, and a side wall tel of insulating material. Side wall Sil carries tribulation 8i S2 and is separated from end Walls and 755 by means of sealing rings 33. A metal post carrying a circular disc 86 serves as a support for the quartz cylinder Ell which is to be met-alized. The upper end wall 7'8 is made of molybdenum or one of the mentioned substitute metalizing materials.

The procedure for using the apparatus of FIGURE 6 is to employ the process known in the art as cathode sputtering to cause particles to be knocked orr' of end wall "/8 and deposited on the end of quartz cylinder 253. in order to use the cathode sputtering principle with this apparatus, a gas such as mercury or krypton is introduced into the container by means of tUlJllldliOilS and 82. End wall i3 is connected by means of lead 3:7 to an approiriate source of negative DC. voltage, for example, 300 to 1508 volts, and end wall '7? is connected by means of lead to the positive side of the voltage source. This voltage causes the gas to ionize and form a plasma. The positively charged particles in the plasma bombard the end wall knocking oil particles which deposit on the quartz cylinder 26'. Although not absolutely necessary, it is desirable to place a small negative DC. potential on the quartz cylinder, for example, 50 to volts relative to the plasma. This can be accomplished by coating the quartz adjacent its upper end with a removable conductive coating such as Aquadac and connecting a lead (not shown) from the Aquadac to an appropriate D.C. power source. Metalizing applied by the apparatus of FIGUR 6 strikes the end of the quartz with such force that no additional heating is necessary to accomplish sintering.

After the quartz cylinder 2% has been meiaiized of the methods and apparatus thus far necessary to attach a metal sealing ring to tile metalizing. The preferred means of attaching the sealing ring 's pressure seal. Apparatus for accom lishing the pressure seal is shown in FIGURE 7' and comprises a base plate 943 which carries a conventional hydraulic ram having a cylinder 9i and a piston rod The usual hydraulic lines 93 and 94 are connected to cylinder 9i. The upper end of piston rod 92 carries a clan ing head on which the metalized quartz cylinder 25) is piaffiii. A second clamptension rods 9'7 which have enlarged heads Clamping head 95 is provided with three holes 95 which accommodate rods 9'7 and are sufficiently large to permit passage of heads Base plate 93 has three radial slots 99 in which the rods 97 are removably received. A removable oven ltlb surrounds the cylinder 29 and comprises an inverted metal cup 16 1 surrounded by a heating coil H32 and insulating material Suitable inlet and exhaust tubes ltl -l and 'ltlS are connected to cup lill.

As previously mentioned in connection with FIGURE '2, the sealing rings 26 are preferably made of gold. in order to make a pressure seal between the gold sealing rings and the metalized quartz cylinder 2%, the heating 'coil lit?) is energized to bring the quartz cylinder 2% to about 600 to 860 C., and then the hydraulic ram is operated to force piston rod 92 and clamping head 95 upwardly. Clamping head 96 is held stationary by tension rods @7, and as a result both the sealing rings 26 are pressed against the metalized ends of cylinder 2 A pressure of around 2060 psi. exerted for about minutes has been found satisfactory. it should be under stood that other combinations of time, tern erature and pressure will work. For example, if the pressure is increased, the time can be decreased.

It will be recalled that the preferred metalizin arrangement includes a final coating of gold, and when this is done it is not necessary to provide a protective atmosphere in oven Elli). When the metalizing does not include the final coating of gold, a protective atmosphere such as hydrogen is maintained in the oven by means of tubes 1M- and 165. After the pressure seal has been made, the oven liitl is lifted off and the hydraulic ram is vented to remove the pressure from the iston rod 92. Then rods 97 are moved radially outward so that heads 93 are removed from base plate Then clamping head is lifted, pulling rods 97 through holes Q5 and out of cylinder 2% so that the cylinder can be removed.

Although a pressure type seal is preferred for attaching the sealing ring to the metalized quartz, a braze type of more limited capabilities can be made if certain precautions are taken. in particular, it is necessary that no substantial amount of the metalizing material is used up in the brazing alloy and that the brazing alloy is substantially more ductile than metal zing material. For example, a satisfactory craze type seal, as shown in FlGURE 8, can be made by coating the layer 23 of molybdenum, or one of the listed substitute nietalizing materials, with a wetting substance, such as nickel deposited in a galvanic bath. '5 he nickel coating li should be even thinner than the metaiizing material to avoid building up substantial thickness of nonductible material and to make certain that no appreciable amount of metalizing material is used in alloy with the nickel.

Next, a silver or copper-silver brazing ring is placed against the nickel coating, and a sealing ring 26 made of t the brazing ring. Finally, the

ng temperature to form an alloy th niekel can be plated with silver inbrazing ring. in any event,

"y bond because the thicker brazing is less ictile than the pure metal of sewing ring 25'. it should be understood that the silver and copper substany do not alloy with the molybdenum, and therefore of using up the meb ing in alloy.

there is no danger The fact that silver and copper do not adoy with molybden 1 is the reason Why the nickel coating is used, and as cj lnder showing the pics-t version in ance with the invention. in

-.s entirely or a sin,

substitute ing material con 1 wn pressure sealed in the apparatus or" FIGURE 7.

As stated previously, the coelricient of expansion of metals is much greater than quartz. Therefore, it a quartztonietal seal is placed a polaroid stress analyzer, lines of stress are observed in the quartz caused by the uneven expansion, even though a high ductile metal is used. This stress is not large, and under ordinary conditions Will not be objectionable.

it was observed in the same analyzer that the thermal stresses are less if the ends of the quartz tube, which are to be sealed to the metal, are slightly double-chamlered or beveled to form a s ht ridge disposed centrally from the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces. The amount of bevel to be used depends on the size of the quartz to be sealed and is readily determined by one skilled in the art.

The angle of the bevel is usually be Ween one and two degrees.

I claim:

1. A quartz-to-metal seal structure comprising a quartz rne iber and ametal member, a metalizing layer of nioly lenum bonded to the quartz, and a gold sealing member bonded to the metalizing layer, the thickness of the old member being substantially greater than the thickness or the metalizing layer, and said sealing member being bonded to said metal member at a locat on spaced from the portion of ng member which is bonded to the metalizing layer.

2. A seal structure as claimed in claim 1, in which the bond between the molybdenum and quartz comprises a titanium layer hav ng substantially less thickness than the molybdenum.

3. A quartz-to-metal seal comprising a quartz member, a molybdenum layer bonded to the quartz, and a c d b tween tne gold member and mocornpnsing a non-melt pressure Weld, the thicligold member being substantially greater than ness of the thic;-;ness of the molybdenum layer, and the gold memher having an integral projection thereof extending a substantial distance from the area where the .gold member is bonded to the molybdenum.

4. A metalized insulator comprising a dielectric mem- 9 metalizing layer, said metal member being selected from the group consisting of gold, copper and silver.

6. A quartz-to-metal seal comprising a dielectric member made of quartz in the non-crystalline state, a molybdenum metalizing layer bonded to the quartz and having a thickness of about 1500 to 5000 angstroms, a gold member bonded by a non-melt pressure seal to the molybdenum and having a thickness substantially greater than the thickness of the metalizing layer, and the bond between the molybdenum metalizing layer and the gold member consisting entirely of a direct gold-to-molybdenum bond.

7. A quartz-to-metal seal structure comprising a quartz cylinder, a metalizing layer of molybdenum bonded to an end of the quartz cylinder, a quartz backing ring, a metalizing layer of molybdenum bonded to one side of said ring, a metal Wall member, and a gold sealing ring having one of its ends joined to said wall member, said quartz cylinder and quartz ring being arranged coaxially with their metalized surfaces facing each other, and said sealing ring extending between said metalized surfaces and being bonded thereto.

8. A quartz-to-metal seal comprising a dielectric member made of quartz in a non-crystalline state, metalizing material on said quartz member, said metalizing material comprising primarily a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, columbium and titanium, and a metal member bonded to said metalizing material, said metalizing material having a thickness no greater than about 5000 angstroms.

9. A quartz-to-metal seal as claimed in claim 8 in which the bond between the metal member and metalizing material consists entirely of said metal member and said metalizing material.

10. A quartz-to-metal seal comprising a dielectric member made of quartz in a non-crystalline state, a metalizing layer bonded to the quartz, said metalizing layer con-sisting essentially of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, titanium and columbium, a protective coating on said metalizing layer and consisting essentially of a metal selected from the group consisting of gold and silver, and a structural member of the same metal selected for said protective coating and bonded by a non-melt pressure seal directly to said protective coating.

11. A metalized insulator comprising a dielectric member made of quartz in a non-crystalline state, and a metalizing material on said quartz member, said metalizing material having a thickness of about 1500 to 5000 angstroms, and said metalizing material consisting essentially of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, columbium and titamum.

12. A metalized insulator as claimed in claim 11 further comprising a protective coating on said metalizing material consisting essentially of a metal selected from the group consisting of gold and silver.

13. A quartz-toanetal seal comprising a quartz member, a metalizing layer bonded to the quartz and consisting essentially of a primer coating of titanium and a main coating of molybdenum, a protective coating of gold on the molybdenum, a gold sealing member, and a non-melt pressure seal bonding said gold member to the gold coat mg.

14. A quartz-to-metal seal comprising a quartz member, a metalizing layer on the quartz, said metalizing layer comprising primarily a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, columbium and titanium, a silver protective coating on the metalizing layer, and a sealing member pressure sealed to the silver coating, said sealing member being selected from the group consisting of silver and copper.

15. A quartz-to-metal seal comprising a quartz member, metalizing material on said quartz member, a protective coating layer on said metalizing material and selected from the group consisting of gold and silver ,a metal member selected from the group consisting of gold, silver and copper, said metal member being joined to said coating layer by a non-melt pressure seal, said metalizing material being substantially thinner and having a substantially higher annealing temperature than said metal member, and the selection from said groups being made in such a way that when gold is selected from one group silver is not selected from the other group and when silver is selected from one group gold is not selected from the other group.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,450,130 Gordon Sept. 28, 1948 2,451,877 Samuelson Oct. 19, 1948 2,570,248 Kelley Oct. 9, 1951 2,647,218 Sor-g July 28, 1953 2,664,180 Peters Dec. 29, 1953 2,719,097 Auwarter Sept. 27, 1955 2,720,997 Dailey Oct. 18, 1955 2,722,496 Hosmer Nov. 1, 1955 2,756,361 Germeshausen July 24, 1956 2,760,310 Nelson et al Aug. 28, 1956 2,776,472 Mesick Jan. 8, 1957 2,825,687 Silvey Mar. 4, 1958 2,842,699 Germeshausen July 8, 1958 2,859,512 Dijksterhuis Nov. 11, 1958 2,915,153 Hitchcock Dec. 1, 1959 2,964,839 Marafioti et a1. Dec. 20, 1960 2,974,761 Patrichi Mar. 14, 1961 

4. A METALIZED INSULATOR COMPRISING A DIELECTRIC MEMBER MADE OF QUARTZ IN THE NON-CRYSTALLINE STATE, A PRIMER 